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Qin Shi Huang (260–210 BC〔Wood, Frances. (2008). ''China's First Emperor and His Terracotta Warriors'', pp. 2–33. Macmillan Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0-312-38112-3.〕), personal name Ying Zheng, was the King of the state of Qin (r. 246–221 BC〔Duiker, William J. & al. ''World History: Volume I: To 1800'', 5th ed., p. 78. Thomson Higher Education Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0-495-05053-9.〕) who conquered all other Warring States and united China in 221 BC.〔 Rather than maintain the title of king borne by the Shang and Zhou rulers, he ruled as the First Emperor of the Qin dynasty from 220 to 210 BC. The title emperor (''huangdi'') would continue to be borne by Chinese rulers for the next two millennia. During his reign, his generals greatly expanded the size of the Chinese state: campaigns south of Chu permanently added the Yue lands of Hunan and Guangdong to the Chinese cultural orbit; campaigns in Central Asia conquered the Ordos Loop from the nomad Xiongnu, although eventually causing their confederation under Modu Chanyu. Qin Shi Huang also worked with his minister Li Si to enact major economic and politic reforms aimed at the standardization of the diverse practices of the earlier Chinese states.〔 This process also led to the banning and burning of many books and the execution of recalcitrant scholars.〔Ren Changhong & al. ''Rise and Fall of the Qin Dynasty''. Asiapac Books PTE Ltd., 2000. ISBN 981-229-172-5.〕 His public works projects included the unification of diverse state walls into a single Great Wall of China and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized mausoleum guarded by the life-sized Terracotta Army. He ruled until his death in 210 BC after a futile search for an elixir of immortality.〔 ==Names and titles== Modern Chinese sources often give the personal name of Qin Shi Huang as Ying Zheng, with Ying () taken as the surname and Zheng () the given name. In ancient China however the naming convention differed, and Zhao () may be used as the surname. Unlike modern Chinese names, the nobles of ancient China had two distinct surnames: the ancestral name () comprised a larger group descended from a prominent ancestor, usually said to have lived during the time of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of Chinese legend, and the clan name () comprised a smaller group that showed a branch's current fief or recent title. The ancient practice was to list men's names separatelyin Sima Qian's "Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" introduces him as "given the name Zheng and the surname Zhao"〔Sima Qian, translated by William Nienhauser Jr. & al. as ''The Grand Scribe's Records'', Vol. 1 ''The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China'', (p. 127 ). Indiana Univ. Press (Bloomington), 1994. ISBN 0253340217. Accessed 25 Dec 2013.〕.〔}}or to combine the clan surname with the personal name: Sima's account of Chu describes the sixteenth year of the reign of King Kaolie as the time when Zhao Zheng was enthroned as King of Qin".〔Sima Qian, translated by William Nienhauser Jr. & al. as ''The Grand Scribe's Records'', Vol. V.1 ''The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China, Part I'', (p. 439 ). Indiana Univ. Press (Bloomington), 1994. ISBN 025334025X. Accessed 25 Dec 2013.〕 However, since modern Chinese surnames (despite usually descending from clan names) use the same character as the old ''ancestral'' names, it is much more common in modern Chinese sources to see the emperor's personal name written as Ying Zheng, using the ancestral name of the Ying family. The rulers of Qin had styled themselves kings from the time of King Huiwen in 325 BC. Upon his ascension, Zheng became known as the King of Qin〔〔 Following the surrender of Qi in 221 BC, King Zheng had reunited all of the lands of the former Kingdom of Zhou. Rather than maintain his rank as king, however,〔Wilkinson, Endymion. ''Chinese History: A Manual'', (pp. 108 ff ). Harvard University Press (Cambridge), 2000. ISBN 0-674-00247-4. Accessed 26 Dec 2013.〕 he created a new title of ''huángdì'' (emperor) for himself. This new title combined two titles - ''huáng'' of the mythical Three Sovereigns (, ''Sān Huáng'') and the ''dì'' of the legendary Five Emperors (, ''Wŭ Dì'') of Chinese prehistory.〔Luo Zhewen & al. ''The Great Wall'', p. 23. McGraw-Hill, 1981. ISBN 0-07-070745-6.〕 The title was intended to appropriate some of the prestige of the Yellow Emperor,〔Fowler, Jeaneane D. ''An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality'', p. 132. Sussex Academic Press, 2005. ISBN 1-84519-086-6.〕 whose cult was popular in the later Warring States period and who was considered to be a founder of the Chinese people. King Zheng chose the new regnal name of First Emperor (''Shǐ Huángdì'', formerly transcribed as Shih Huang-ti)〔 The First Emperor intended that his realm would remain intact through the ages but, following its overthrow and replacement by Han after his death, it became customary to prefix his title with Qin. Thus: * , ''Qín'' or Ch‘in, "of Qin" * , ''Shǐ'' or Shih, "first"〔 * , ''Huángdì'' or Huang-ti, "emperor", a new term ("August Heaven Shangdi"), a conflation of the Zhou and Shang gods by the Duke of Zhou used in his addresses to the conquered Shang peoples.〔}} coined from * * , ''Huáng'' or Huang, literally "shining" or "splendid" and formerly most usually applied "as an epithet of Heaven",〔Lewis, Mark. ''The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han'', (p. 52 ). Belknap Press (Cambridge), 2009. ISBN 978-0674024779. Accessed 27 Dec 2013.〕 the high god of the Zhou〔Creel, Herrlee G. ''The Origins of Statecraft in China'', pp. 495 ff. University of Chicago Press (Chicago), 1970. Op. cit. Chang, Ruth. "(Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties )", pp. 13–14. ''Sino-Platonic Papers'', No. 108. Sept. 2000. Accessed 27 Dec 2013.〕 * * , ''Dì'' or Ti, the high god of the Shang, possibly composed of their divine ancestors,〔Chang, "Understanding Di and Tian", 4–9.〕 and used by the Zhou as a title of the legendary Five Emperors, particularly the Yellow Emperor As early as Sima Qian, it was common to shorten the resulting four-character Qin Shi Huangdi to ,〔 Following his elevation as emperor, both Zheng's personal name and possibly its homophone became taboo. also became taboo, prompting references to Chu to be replaced by its original name "Jing" ().〔}} The First Emperor also arrogated the first-person Chinese pronoun (OC *''lrəm’'',〔Baxter, William & al. ''(Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction )''. 2011. Accessed 26 Dec 2013.〕 mod. ''zhèn'') for his exclusive use and in 212 BC began calling himself The Immortal OC *''Tin-niŋ'',〔 mod. ''Zhēnrén'', lit. "True Man").〔 Others were to address him as "Your Majesty" mod. ''Bìxià'', lit. "Beneath the Palace〔. "()". 2013. Accessed 27 Dec 2013. 〕 Steps") in person and "Your Highness" () in writing.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Qin Shi Huang」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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